In September 2015, the manager of Hind Oil Industries (HOI), a small edible oil manufacturer in Asansol, West Bengal, was challenged by a dilemma in pricing strategy. HOI had seen the price of mustard seeds, its primary raw ingredient, rise steeply because of harsh weather conditions in the previous harvesting season. HOI would need to raise the price of its product significantly in a price-competitive market dominated by larger companies. The manager wondered if he could increase the price of his only product, Maa mustard oil, to cover the substantial increase in production costs without suffering a loss in total revenue earned. If so, what would be the optimum price under various scenarios related to his competitors’ expected price hikes? Could HOI’s price be raised even if the competitors decided against raising their prices?
In late 2012, the owner of the Ratnagiri Alphonso Orchard considered whether or not to purchase information from a climatology firm regarding the probability of unseasonable rains that could damage some or all of his family’s mango harvest. The owner needed to decide whether or not he should lease the orchard to a fruit merchant or keep the orchard for his family to harvest, despite the possibility of rain. Would the climatology firm provide helpful information, or should he make an independent decision? Regardless of whether he purchased information from the climatology firm, what was the best informed decision he could make?
On February 2, 2012, the Supreme Court of India cancelled all 122 second-generation (2G) telecom licences issued on or after January 10, 2008 by the Department of Telecommunication (DoT). This judgment, along with the announcement of the National Telecom Policy-2012, forced the DoT to rethink the issue of pricing spectrum, which was earlier bundled with 2G licences. First, was re-auctioning required? If so, what should be the minimum reserve price? Should DoT follow a uniform pricing strategy for all the incumbents, including those whose licences were cancelled? How could it strike a balance between investor apathy and the government’s objective of increasing rural tele-density, given the possibility of a tariff hike after the refarming of spectrum?