Today companies grapple constantly with the unexpected: disruptive advances in technology, the rise of new markets, sudden swings in demand, surprise moves by competitors. To cope, firms try to improve their forecasting and their agility, but those efforts take them only so far. A complementary--and perhaps more effective--approach is to use "strategic options." These are small bets that allow businesses to test the waters and build their experience. If they fail, they're easy to unwind, but if they succeed, they position organizations to capitalize on valuable opportunities. In this article, two BCG consultants detail three kinds of strategic options: "Temporary organizations," which are staffed by consultants and contractors, help firms ramp up operations quickly and yet avoid massive layoffs if an initiative fails. Small "exploratory acquisitions" allow firms to get a foothold in a new business--without the costs and headaches of large-scale deals. "Disposable factories" are a good solution to uncertain demand; they can be set up (and taken down) quickly, be sited closer to demand, and provide early data on costs and capacity that informs the construction of permanent facilities. Executives often resist strategic options because they seem expensive in the near term. But when a payoff is far in the future and risk is high, they may be the best way to go.

Though the term "family business" may call to mind visions of local mom-and-pop firms, family- controlled companies play a huge role on the global stage. Not only do they include sprawling corporations like Walmart and Tata Group, but they account for more than 30% of all companies with sales in excess of $1 billion. And over the long term, their financial performance exceeds that of traditional public companies, according to a new study by BCG and Ecole Polytechnique. Family-controlled companies surpass their peers because they focus on resilience, not short-term results. During economic booms, this approach leads them to forgo some opportunities (and hence do slightly worse than their counterparts), but it puts them in a position of strength during downturns, when they shine. The researchers identified seven specific ways in which family-run businesses build their resilience: 1) They're frugal in good times and bad; 2) They set a high bar for capital expenditures; 3) They carry little debt; 4) They acquire fewer (and smaller) companies; 5) They're more diversified; 6) They're more international; and 7) They retain talent better than their competitors do. Though these practices come more naturally to executives who feel an obligation to be stewards for the next generation, executives at any corporation can adopt them. Indeed, the researchers uncovered a number of nonfamily-controlled companies that mimicked the behaviors of family firms and saw very similar patterns of performance.

Some 70% of family-owned businesses fail or are sold before the second generation gets a chance to take over. It doesn't have to be that way. Here are three pitfalls family businesses commonly face, along with emerging best practices to help businesses avoid them.

It's well known that China has been working to spur domestic consumption. But it's making faster progress than many outsiders realize; for example, China is already the first or second largest market in a number of important consumer categories. Here are some trends Western multinationals should be aware of, along with advice on how to better position themselves so that they don't get left behind.

As ports, highways, railways, and airports run out of room, the world faces a looming transportation crisis. The current meltdown masks the threat, but once the recovery begins, a lack of infrastructure capacity, combined with rising oil prices, will constrain growth. Congestion and delays will eat away business profits, forcing companies to rethink their long, complex supply chains. Smart organizations will use unorthodox methods to cut often-hidden transportation costs and outmaneuver rivals.

Retailers live or die by a simple creed: stock products that sell, and don't stock products that don't sell. As North American and European companies source more of their goods from China, the risk of getting this wrong increases dramatically. Some companies - including Wal-Mart, Home Depot and Toyota -- are having second thoughts about their China-sourcing strategies, and are either reworking their North American logistics networks or even retreating from China. The authors argue that a firm focus on reducing time and variability in the China-anchored supply chains serving North America and Europe can help companies dramatically reduce their costs, improve their margins, and build competitive advantage. They show why North American and European companies should be looking closer to home, where the cost-of-labor penalty (relative to labor rates in China) is more than compensated for by superior supply-chain performance that is significantly less variable and virtually unaffected by port and surface-capacity constraints.

In this follow-up piece to his article "Hardball: Five Killer Strategies for Trouncing the Competition" (HBR, April 2004), George Stalk Jr. of the Boston Consulting Group offers another approach for prevailing over rivals. Strategic hardball is about playing rough and tough with competitors; strategic curveball is about outfoxing them. It involves getting rivals to do something dumb that they otherwise wouldn't (that is, swing at a pitch that appears to be in the strike zone but isn't) or not do something smart that they otherwise would (that is, fail to swing at a pitch that's in the strike zone but appears not to be). Stalk describes four types of curveball: First, draw your rival out of the profit zone. Lure competitors into disadvantageous areas--for example, by competing for, but intentionally failing to win, the business of less profitable customers. Second, borrow techniques from unexpected places. Using the hardball tactic of plagiarizing good ideas, put rivals off balance by importing techniques from other industries--for example, employing the retailer's hard sell in the stodgy world of retail financial services. Third, disguise how you attain your success. Veil your methods by achieving an advantage through unlikely means--for example, generating product sales through your service operations. Finally, let rivals misinterpret the reasons for your success. Allow them to act on conventional but incomplete explanations for your success--for example, squeezing costs rather than aggressively utilizing assets. The author provides extended examples of these curveball strategies in action at companies such as the industrial-cleaning chemical supplier Ecolab and the Australian airline Jetstar.

We highlight 20 ideas just bubbling up to the surface in 2006. Howard Gardner contends that the ability to synthesize information will be the most valued trait for leaders. Dan Williams explores how body area networks can lower health care costs and improve safety. William McDonough describes China as a seedbed for environmental innovation. Nitin Nohria and Thomas A. Stewart say the next frontier for business will be managing incalculable uncertainty. Jeff Cares outlines the challenge confronting business as networks face off against networks. Claire Craig reports how scientists are going beyond the lab and using the world outside as their petri dish. Ted Halstead recommends that every newborn in America receive $6,000 as a down payment on a productive life. Georg von Krogh warns that customer-collaborators are starting to demand a stake in IP. Ged Davis envisions an OPEC-like organization to benefit consumers instead of producers. Nancy M. Dixon describes a model for peer-to-peer leadership development. Harris Allen and Sean Sullivan contend that investment in employees' health can pay for itself. David Weinberger says that stores should imitate Web design. Gerd Gigerenzer shows how a leader's personal rules of thumb influence employees. Zachary Karabell discusses the growing gap between nations' and companies' economic performance. Paul Hemp tells why avatars make good customers. Philip Parker explains why creating private labels for your retail customers is smart strategy. Judith Samuelson and Claire Preisser describe how companies are combating short-term thinking. George Stalk Jr. explains why many firms aren't benefiting from China sourcing. Michael S. Gazzaniga punctures inflated expectations about what neuroscience can do for business. E.L. Kersten says employees shouldn't expect their jobs to provide meaning. HBR also offers a list of important business books due out in 2006.

By rotating key executives through headquarters, companies can keep corporate lean but still hold sway over the units, says BCG Senior VP George Stalk, Jr.

The winners in business play hardball, and they don't apologize for it. They single-mindedly pursue competitive advantage and the benefits it offers: a leading market share, great margins, and rapid growth. They pick their shots, seek out competitive encounters, set the pace of innovation, and test the edges of the possible. Softball players, by contrast, may look good, but they aren't intensely serious about winning. They don't accept that you must sometimes hurt your rivals, and risk being hurt, to get what you want. Softball players don't play to win; they play to play. That approach may reflect the recent focus of management science, which itself has gone soft. Indeed, the discourse around soft issues such as leadership, corporate culture, knowledge management, talent management, and employee empowerment has encouraged the making of softball players. Although there are countless ways to play hardball, a handful of classic strategies are effective in generating competitive advantage. Best employed in bursts of ruthless intensity, these strategies are: Devastate rivals' profit sanctuaries, plagiarize with pride, deceive the competition, unleash massive and overwhelming force, and raise competitors' costs. But hardball isn't only about the moves you make. It's also about the attitude you bring to them. The playbook won't do you any good if you feel squeamish about using it.

The need to focus on soft issues has forced managers to take their eye off the ball and lose sight of the fact that strategy matters more than ever. But these same managers must not only realize that strategy matters, they must develop and deploy tough strategies that will defeat the competition. Today, managers must play to win.

Many companies today are searching for growth. But how and where should they look? Breaking compromises can be a powerful organizing principle. Even in the most mature businesses, compromise breakers have emerged from the pack to achieve breakaway growth--far outpacing the rest of their industry. Examples include Chrysler Corp., Contadina, CarMax, and the Charles Schwab Corp. Compromises are concessions customers are forced to make. Unlike trade-offs, which are the legitimate choices customers make between different product or service offerings, compromises are imposed. The authors propose a number of alternative approaches to finding the compromises hidden in any business.

Time-based competition, which yielded competitive advantage in the mid-1980s, revealed its dark side for many Japanese companies in the early 1990s. In industry after industry, a strategy that was supposed to produce variety ended up producing commodities. Pushing to get a greater number of products out faster, Japanese companies created a plethora of models yet stayed in the same place competitively. Today at least one strong competitor in every Japanese industry is leveraging a powerful combination of time-based competition and customer service. The success of these companies provides at least one crucial managerial lesson: strategy, to be meaningful, must link customer needs with employee capabilities and skills.

In today's dynamic business environment, strategy too must become dynamic. The essence of strategy is not the structure of a company's products but the dynamics of its behavior. To succeed, a company must weave its key business processes into hard-to-imitate strategic capabilities that distinguish it from its competitors. A capability is a set of business processes understood strategically. While such capabilities are collective and cross-functional, they must be built and managed by the CEO. Uses examples from Wal-Mart.

A paper company whose subsidiary, a mill, was on the verge of bankruptcy turned the mill into a profitable operation within a few years. It used a multiyear learning process in which employees developed four progressively more sophisticated problem-solving loops: fix-as-fail; prevention; root causes; and anticipation.

Competitive advantage is a constantly moving target. Leading Japanese companies provide a window on strategic change and its progression from the 1940s to today. Since World War II, Japanese competitors have shifted their strategic focus at least four times. They began by exploiting their low labor rates to gain entry to various markets, then moved to a scale-based strategy. From there they shifted to focused factories and finally to flexible manufacturing. This latter strategy gave the Japanese both lower costs and a greater variety of products. One result was the outbreak of variety wars in the early 1980s. The variety wars signaled a shift to time-based competitive advantage. The leading Japanese companies today recognize that time is the most critical competitive yardstick of company performance. McKinsey Award Winner.