The SEALs are the elite special forces of the U.S. Navy. Their selection and training is exceptionally rigorous, with a heavy emphasis on physical condition, stamina, and mental toughness. However, the SEALs have a wide range of missions, many of which are highly sensitive. The case takes place in 2014, as the head of the command charged with SEAL selection and training considers whether some candidates who would make excellent SEALs are being excluded, and some that might be poor in the field are passing. The case examines the selection and training process, and suggests some changes that might be considered.
After a delayed shipment of flooring materials impeded Jeff Booth's ability to complete a construction project on schedule, he, along with cofounder Robert Banks, was determined to solve the inefficiency of the heavyweight building supply industry. They founded BuildDirect, an e-commerce company based on a sophisticated technology platform that optimized the shipment of home improvement products. Since its founding in 1999, BuildDirect faced several near-death strategic and economic challenges, including the fallout of 9/11 and the 2008 housing crisis. In spite of these challenges, Booth and Banks never wavered in prioritizing corporate culture over bottom line results. To guide effective employee actions and behaviors, three core values of honesty, integrity, and respect for others had been engrained into the company's DNA. Rituals such as daily "huddles" strengthened employee morale, increased emotional intelligence, and enhanced customer service. Company culture was a major competitive advantage; employees felt empowered to view the home improvement purchase process as an enriching experience, rather than as a mere transaction. In 2014, prospects looked promising. BuildDirect had raised CAD $30 million in Series B funding in a round led by Mohr Davidow Ventures. Headcount doubled in 2013, and was projected to double again in 2014. Customers enjoyed savings of up to 80% of retail prices. Booth and Banks were concerned, however, that continued rapid growth would threaten the culture that was so critical to their success. The cofounders needed to determine how to maintain this winning culture. What aspects of the company's daily operations needed to be changed, and which ones safeguarded at all costs?
This case follows Julio Vasconcellos (MBA 2007) as he launches Peixe Urbano, a daily deals company in Brazil. Daily deals are coupons that offer savings at local merchants and are sold en masse to consumers by companies such as Peixe Urbano, Groupon, and Living Social. Vasconcellos and his team experience tremendous success with the model in Brazil, but are soon pressured to expand to neighboring countries as a result of the arrival of competitors, which creates a land grab mentality. Case A concludes with Vasconcellos' assessment of liquidity options given Peixe's present levels of success, market risk, and scaling risk. Case B opens with Vasconcellos having a made a decision to build Peixe into an independent company, with aspirations to IPO in the U.S. public markets. However, the market soon plateaus, partly due to negative consumer sentiment about daily deals. Meanwhile, Peixe is struggling to scale its sales force and its technology, and the company must use its remaining resources wisely. Vasconcellos finds himself having to quickly transition from entrepreneur to turnaround CEO.
When asked to design the job of a pirate captain in the 17th century, MBA students and executives lump together two areas of responsibility: star tasks-strategic work such as target identification, command during battle, and negotiating alliances to form fleets-and guardian tasks, which are operational work such as allocating arms, punishing indiscipline, and distributing loot. But candidates who can do both kinds of work well are rare, because star tasks require risk taking and entrepreneurship, whereas guardian tasks require conscientiousness and systematic effort. Pirates made the captain responsible for the former and elected a quartermaster general to perform the latter.
JetBlue Airways grew rapidly from its founding in 2000, focusing on providing low-cost service to previously underserved cities, while giving passengers a high-quality experience, ("bringing humanity back to air travel"). An ice storm at JFK airport on February 14, 2007 caused 1,195 flights to be cancelled over a six day period, and stranded several planes on the taxiway for many hours. JetBlue, previously viewed as one of the best airlines (if not the best) for customer service, took extensive criticism from the public, press, and Congress. In addition, the disruptions caused by the storm cost the company over $41 million. The 2007 storm highlighted deficiencies in JetBlue's operational infrastructure. Some top-down changes were made, but disruptions caused by thunderstorms in summer 2008 demonstrated that the airline's ability to deal with irregular operations (IROPs) was woefully inadequate. The company instituted a program (IROP Integrity) that utilized the talents of more than 200 employees, from all levels, and all parts of the airline, to address these problems. This was done through process mapping, root cause analysis, and cross-discipline cooperation working on 100 projects to improve both technology and processes. In February 2010, an ice storm far worse than the 2007 event again disrupted operations at JFK. This time, the airline had to cancel far fewer flights, which were mostly done before passengers arrived at the airport, operations the next day, and the cost was a small fraction of the cost of the 2007 disruption. This case describes the IROP Integrity project-its origins, the role of executive sponsors, project leadership and organization, and the processes used to identify and carry out improvement projects. It also describes the legacy of IROP Integrity on the JetBlue organization and culture.
The Institute for Healthcare Improvement's (IHI) 100,000 Lives Campaign ended in June 2006. This 18-month campaign sought to save 100,000 people from unnecessary death in U.S. hospitals, and is the subject of case L-13. To successfully accomplish its goals, IHI enlisted a wide range of organizations, including hospitals, regulatory agencies, insurance companies, medical associations, and other Healthcare-related groups to work together toward the common objective of increasing patient safety. In December, IHI launched a follow-up campaign intended to prevent 5 million instances of medical harm over the next two years. This case describes the 5 Million Lives Campaign, how it built upon the previous campaign, and issues faced by IHI at the end of the effort.
Mozilla launched its Firefox web browser in November 2004, when Microsoft's Internet Explorer had a market share of over 90 percent, and was giving its browser away. Five years later, Firefox had a 25 percent share, and more than 300 million people were using the browser. Firefox, and other Mozilla products, were open source programs. A small Mozilla staff worked with tens of thousands of volunteers to develop, test, debug, and promote its software. This case study discusses ways that Mozilla developed and cultivated its community of volunteers, motivated them, and channeled their passion.
In 2007, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals' manufacturing organization faced a number of challenges, requiring that it revolutionize the way its 17,000 people operated. The case describes alternative methods of systemic change considered by Wyeth, the approach they implemented, and how they rolled out the changes across more than 25 sites worldwide. The transformation of one plant is described in some detail. The case also describes setting of objectives and expectations, engagement of leaders and staff, and the use of outside advisors.
When Chris Chen founded VanceInfo Technologies in Beijing in 1995, the firm had 25 employees and one low-end IT services outsourcing project for a U.S. multinational. By August 2008, through a combination of organic growth and acquisitions, VanceInfo employed more than 4,800 people, had numerous Fortune 100 clients, and enjoyed revenues exceeding $80 million over the preceding 12 months. Although small compared to more sophisticated Indian rivals, VanceInfo was well placed to capture an expected explosion in demand for China-based offshore IT services. At the same time, rapid growth was straining the firm's management personnel, systems, and resources. Headcount was slated to quintuple to 20,000 in four to five years' time to keep pace with aggressive revenue targets. Old ad-hoc ways no longer could accommodate current or future needs. To succeed, management had to implement new financial, operational, and internal management systems, especially in the critical area of human resources where VanceInfo faced some of its greatest challenges. These included introducing effective processes for rapidly expanding, training, managing, and retaining its workforce. Moreover, in its quest to grow its workforce to 20,000 within five years, move into higher-margin business lines requiring new expertise, and beat out domestic and international rivals, management had to strike a balance between quick gains via acquisitions and potentially slower growth through organic expansion. The case helps students think through the complexities involved in managing a fast growing company. Specifically, it asks students to analyze whether VanceInfo's current strategy of growing organically and through selective strategic acquisitions will allow it to achieve its goals. It also asks them to analyze the company's human resource challenges and its efforts to meet them.
In November 2006, two members of the FLIR Commercial Vision Systems (CVS) executive team attended a week-long program at Stanford University entitled "Customer Focused Innovation." Upon returning home, they created an "Innovation Center" based on what they had learned. Over the next 18 months, the Innovation Center was used to develop product ideas, improve manufacturing processes, and other tasks requiring creative thinking. FLIR CVS was a division of FLIR Systems, a manufacturer of thermal imaging cameras that used infrared radiation to "see" even in the total absence of light, or in adverse visibility conditions such as smoke or fog. The CVS division was developed and marketed products for commercial applications such as security monitoring, night vision cameras for automobiles, systems that allowed boat captains to see in foggy conditions, or imaging equipment for fire-fighting. The case provides a detailed description of one day-long session at the Innovation Center. The case explores the cultural bases of the Center's success during its first 18 months, and the impact of the Center on the company culture. It also poses problems facing the FLIR executives, such as how to make use of the large number of ideas generated at the Center, how to improve the Center's innovation sessions, how to expand the concept to other company divisions, and how to scale the program as the company expanded.
Intuit's "Spotlight" employee recognition system had rapidly become an integral part of the company's culture after it was introduced in late 2004. The program enabled any employee to recognize outstanding performance by any other employee by sending an online "thank you" to the employee, with a copy to the recipient's manager. The program also allowed managers and senior individual contributors to give monetary awards, which could be redeemed for gift certificates, to employees for exceptional performance. Recognition was seen as an important way to increase employee engagement, and the success of Spotlight was seen by Intuit's management as an important aspect of the company's performance management. The case describes the evolution of employee recognition at Intuit, from informal methods, to a merchandise-based program, then to the gift-certificate-based Spotlight program. It describes the culture and values at Intuit, employee input into program design, and the elements of program success. The case also provides a brief discussion of the general subject of employee recognition.
In December 2004, Donald Berwick, MD, president and CEO of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), challenged U.S. hospitals to reduce unnecessary deaths by 100,000 within the following 18 months. By the end of this 18 month period, over 3,100 hospitals enrolled in the "100,000 Lives Campaign," representing more than 70 percent of U.S. hospital beds. Calculations estimated that approximately 123,000 preventable deaths were avoided in participating hospitals. The case describes the state of quality in the healthcare industry, the history of the IHI, and the IHI's efforts to bring modern quality practices to health care. After seeing pockets of improvement, the IHI launched the 100,000 Lives Campaign in an effort to stimulate large scale change. The campaign approach incorporated lessons from political campaigns and social activism. The operation of the campaign is described. The impact of the campaign on hospitals is also discussed, with particular emphasis on one hospital that used the campaign as the basis for fundamental transformation.
Eu Yan Sang International was an Asia-based traditional chinese medicine (TCM) provider. The company was established in the late 1890s and had been in operations for over 100 years. By 2007, it was managed by a combination of fourth-generation descendents and professional managers. The first section of this case examines the dramatic rise and fall of the Eu family business empire over several generations, and illustrates the complex interplay of preserving family values, managing personal egos, and reviving a 100-year-old business using modern management techniques. The second section discusses Eu Yan Sang's growth in the 1990s as it transitioned from a purely family-run business to one which had to balance preserving traditional values and meeting the expectations of a modern day corporation. The last section discusses Richard Eu's, fourth generation CEO of the company, considerations in succession planning as the business prepared for a new generation of leadership.
In mid-2007, Infosys was an extremely successful business. Headquartered in India, it had played an important role in transforming global business. Revenues were growing rapidly, and the company was highly profitable. The company's revenue growth was closely linked to its ability to recruit, train, and retain talented employees. The demand for talent among IT companies in India was straining the country's education system. At the end of March 2007, Infosys had 72,000 employees, an increase of nearly 20,000 from the previous year. Increasing growth would require even higher numbers of new employees. Attrition was also an issue, running at about 13% annually and adding to the number of new employees required to meet revenue objectives. In mid-2006, Mohan Pai moved from his position as CFO to take over human resources, education, and research. Describes the Infosys culture and human resources environment in 2007, and focuses on the issues faced by Pai in hiring, training, motivating, and retaining employees in a business that was dependent on a highly talented employee base. Specifically, asks students to consider ways of addressing the issues of hiring, attrition, and allocation of employees.
Rite-Solutions, a software company headquartered in Rhode Island, was founded by two successful executives that had seen innovation stifled in traditional companies. They observed that people with ideas generally had to present them to management for approval, a process that was intimidating and tended to favor ideas that were well presented, rather than those that were good. In addition, software people were often uncomfortable speaking in public, preferring communication by computer. The Rite-Solutions culture was based on trust and collaboration, with a desire to tap into the creativity of the entire organization. The founders tried a number of methods to involve employees in innovation, which became more difficult as the company grew and added remote offices. They eventually invented a stock market, called "Mutual Fun", where any employee could develop an idea and get other employees to provide their opinions, comments, or time to move the idea forward in their spare time. Communities of common interest formed around these ideas (stocks). When a stock made sufficient progress, and attracted sufficient support, top management could put corporate resources behind it, resulting in a new product, process improvement, or new technology. There were three types of stock: cost-savings ideas, product ideas that utilized technology the company already understood, and new technologies that the company should evaluate. The market began in 2004 and was very successful. By mid-2006, Rite-Solutions had begun to license it to other companies. Discusses the culture of Rite-Solutions, the operation of Mutual Fun, and asks about the application of this tool in other corporate environments.
Describes the career transfer and development system at UPS, showing incentives and policies that move managers across countries and functions, and how this movement develops high quality general managers.
Describes how UPS created UPS Supply Chain Solutions, an entirely new business, with carefully selected target market segments for which unique and extensive value offerings were designed. To build this business UPS made numerous acquisitions and successfully resolved post-acquisition integration challenges in compensation, information systems, personnel policies, and organizational culture.
Describes the ways in which Washington Mutual preserved and reinforced its brand through two phases of expansion, the first based on acquisition and the second on organic growth. The Washington Mutual brand is shown to be grounded in a well designed customer experience. This experience was the result of careful attention by Washington Mutual to hiring policies for its staff, incentives that encouraged entrepreneurship, empowerment of both "store" managers and "sales associates," and a strong culture that valued the community, innovation, fairness in treatment of customers, care for its employees, and high-speed implementation.